Kinematics Equation: The branch of physics that defines motion concerning space and time, ignoring the cause of that motion, is known as Kinematics. Kinematics equations are a set of formulas used in ...

The fractional stochastic delay differential equation (FSDDE) is a powerful mathematical tool for modeling complex systems that exhibit both fractional order dynamics and stochasticity with time ...

Identifying governing equations from observational data is crucial for understanding nonlinear physical systems but remains challenging due to the risk of overfitting. Here we introduce the Bi-Level ...