If you subscribe to Scientific American, you help ensure that our coverage is centered on meaningful research and discovery; ...

Variable frequency drives (VFDs), also known as variable speed drives (VSDs), are used to modulate the speed of motors in various applications, from hydronic water pumping to VAV fan units to vacuum ...

OPEN DOOR: A high CTOA could mean that the refrigerator or freezer is rejecting a lot of heat out of the condenser as a result of additional heat being absorbed in the evaporator, which could occur ...

Copper steam condenser pipes coated with F-DLC (top) and without a coating (bottom). The F-DLC coating allows the condensed water to form into droplets rather than a thin film covering the pipe.