Of the symbiotic relationships, mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship, is the most exciting form. How two disparate species can form a cooperative where both benefit seems like ...

In Tanzania, we watched on many occasions when small flocks of red-billed birds descended upon the backs of giraffes, cape buffalo, elephants and hippopotamuses, prancing around like they owned them.

Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 88, No. 1, Special Feature with Functional Ecology: Eco-evolutionary dynamics across scales (January 2019), pp. 102-113 (12 pages) 1. Nutritional mutualisms are one of ...

Mutualism describes a relationship that benefits both parties – the win-win of our world. A new study reports on a mutualism that goes from ants to trees to elephants to lions and zebras. It serves as ...

The intricate relationships between cleaner fish and cleaner shrimp underpin some of the most compelling examples of mutualism in coral reef ecosystems. These interactions involve smaller organisms ...