A bi-directional current source for a grounded load will always have some complication in its construction. The improved Howland Current Pump as shown in Figure 1 is the most frequent choice for this ...

The simple current-limiting load switch shown in Figure 1 will be familiar to most readers. In this circuit, a high level signal applied to the input switches on MOSFET Q2, which energizes the load.

This article is part of the Ideas for Design Series: Vol. 3, No. 8. This circuit builds on a previous idea in which the addition of an optocoupler to a microcontroller output converted a “dumb” ...

Conventional PCI and PCI-X computer slots have four supply voltages available: +12, +5, +3.3, and ­12 V. PCI and PCI-X cards rely on +5 V and +3.3 V for most of the power and are limited to 500 mA of ...