Signal modulation is one of the most basic and important concepts in the RF industry. It consists of using the variation of one or more parameters of a carrier signal to transmit information, ...

Phase-Shifting Interferometry (PSI) techniques have become fundamental in optical metrology for accurately measuring surface topographies and reconstructing three‐dimensional profiles. By generating ...

Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOGs) utilise the Sagnac effect to measure rotation, forming the core technology behind many modern inertial navigation and rotation-sensing applications. These sensors offer a ...